Lewis Ross is an Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics. He is also the Director of LSE’s Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS). Lewis works on different topics at the intersection between epistemology, philosophy of law, and political philosophy. Right now, he is particularly interested in the theory and practice of criminal justice. His PhD was from the University of St Andrews and before that he completed a law degree.

Abstract

Philosophy is much changed from the time that many of the analytic classics were produced. It now resembles, in many ways, a mature scientific discipline—with large division of cognitive labour. Big philosophical questions are routinely broken down into ever-smaller research questions and addressed in growing thousands of narrow publication units. Yet what purpose does this division of labour serve? Philosophers are notoriously sceptical about simply relying on each other’s published findings. Indeed, most publications seem to add to, rather than reduce, philosophical disagreement. There is a looming worry about absurdity here. Large amounts of intellectual effort are spent on activities that seemingly do not contribute to settling the core questions of the field. In response to this worry, some are tempted by radical claims about the point of philosophy. For instance, some say that it is an ‘exceptional’ field that does not aim to settle on knowledge or truth in the same way as other fields of inquiry. But this response, it seems to me, still leaves the structure of contemporary philosophy without justification. In this talk, I grapple with this problem and explore a more optimistic perspective. I consider a middle ground between two typical ways to think about philosophical progress: locating progress not in the mind of the individual, nor in the discipline as a whole, but rather in the small research communities that populate it.

Colin Chamberlain is Associate Professor of philosophy at University College London. He was previously an Associate Professor at Temple University. He is currently working on a book about Nicolas Malebranche’s account of the embodied mind, as well as working on Margaret Cavendish’s views about colour and perception.

Abstract

Malebranche holds that the Fall changes the mind’s relationship to the body from union to dependence. This change transforms the significance the senses have for the mind. Before the Fall, the senses respectfully advised the mind of the body’s needs. After, the senses command and tyrannize it. That is, the senses come to speak with the force of law when they urge the mind to care for the body’s needs. In general, Malebranche holds that a perception—a mental representation that things are thus and so—becomes a command for the mind, obliging it to consent, when the perception is enforced by inner sanctions. A perception has the force of law when the mind feels pain in withholding consent, pleasure when giving it. I argue that, after the Fall, the senses command in just this way. Sensory perceptions are accompanied by inner sanctions—pleasure and pain, reward and punishment—that imbue them with obligatory force.

In his influential master-slave dialectic, Hegel looks to demonstrate that being a master is self-defeating. The master seeks absolute independence and genuine recognition from another. However, they depend upon their slave for their mastery, and the recognition their slave provides is “one-sided and unequal” (PS, §191, p. 114). Thus, Hegel claims that mastery undermines itself. In this paper, I put some pressure on this dialectic. Amongst other things, I argue that what is primarily wrong with the master is the fact they dominate a slave, not that they somehow fail on their own terms.

ABOUT

Joe primarily works on ethics and agency in Kant and the post-Kantian tradition. He also has interests in the philosophy of love and media ethics.

It is currently fashionable to talk about “synchronic conditionalization” – and more generally, synchronic or time-slice versions of norms that are normally understood as diachronic. But what is a synchronic version of conditionalization? Few authors address this question directly,1 but one often sees this synchronic entity labeled as a “plan”, “policy”, or “disposition”. I want to look at these labels a little more carefully. I will argue that conditionalization is a bad plan. More precisely: the way we naturally assess plans makes conditionalization look bad. But being disposed to conditionalize is good. That is, the way we naturally assess dispositions makes conditionalization look good like a good one to have. So if we want to defend a synchronic analog to conditionalization, we should go with dispositions, not plans. At the end of the paper I’ll argue that our way of assessing plans has more in affinity with another important epistemic concept: deference.

ABOUT

Sophie Horowitz is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, focusing on epistemology. Her interests include higher-order evidence, permissivism, and accuracy. Her monograph in progress, Guesswork, develops a view of accuracy according to which partial beliefs are more accurate insofar as they license true forced-choice guesses.

What enables me to know that others exist? Natalie Duddington (PAS 1918-1919) offers two distinctive, and underexplored, insights into the question. She focusses on our capacity to perceive minds in perceiving animate beings, and on the ways in which we stand to be affected by others in knowing them. I will suggest a way of understanding what it is to see minds in action. I will also argue that ways we stand to be affected by others offers a resource for knowing others that takes us beyond perception, and is one that constitutes an antidote to the solipsist.

ABOUT

Lucy O’Brien is Richard Wollheim Professor of Philosophy at UCL. She has been at UCL since 1992. Her studies in Philosophy began with a BA Joint Hons in Pure Mathematics and Philosophy, and an MPhil in Philosophy, at the University of Sheffield. She went on to a DPhil in Oxford, followed by a post-doctoral position at King’s London. Her research interests lie in the philosophy of mind and action, with a particular focus on various forms of self-consciousness, and self-knowledge. She is writing a book on interpersonal self-consciousness following receipt of a British Academy/Leverhulme Senior Research Fellowship. She has published papers in a range of journals and collections, she is the author of Self-Knowing Agents  (OUP, 2007) and co-editor, with Matthew Soteriou, of Mental Actions  (OUP, 2009). She served as Director and Treasurer of the Aristotelian Society 2007-2014, and Vice-Chair of the Royal Institute of Philosophy 2015-2020. She was awarded a Humboldt Forschungspreis in 2021, and was made a Fellow of the British Academy in 2024. She was co-editor, with A. W. Moore, of the journal MIND from 2015-2025. She has been Chair of the Royal Institute of Philosophy since 2020.

Pauline Kleingeld is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Groningen. Earlier she taught at Leiden University and at Washington University in St. Louis. She is the author of Kant and Cosmopolitanism (CUP 2012), Fortschritt und Vernunft: Zur Geschichtsphilosophie Kants (Königshausen und Neumann 1995) and numerous articles. Her academic interests are in ethics and political philosophy, with a special focus on Kant and Kantian theory.

ABSTRACT

In the first section of his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (G1), Immanuel Kant claims to identify the supreme principle of morality. After famous discussions of the idea of a ‘good will’, ‘acting from duty’ and ‘respect’, he concludes that the highest moral principle is the following: ‘I ought never to proceed except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law’ (G 4:402). He claims that this principle implicitly governs ordinary moral practices and convictions. It is the ‘supreme’ moral principle in that it is a meta-principle by means of which substantive Kantian moral principles — such as ‘help others in need’ or ‘never lie’ — can be derived. Because Kant’s argument draws on moral convictions that are still widely shared, and because his conclusion articulates a paradigmatic position in moral theory, G1 has become one of the most renowned texts in the history of philosophy.

The structure of Kant’s argument towards the identification of the supreme principle, however, has long been the subject of debate. Three serious difficulties stand out in the literature, and they all concern the most important steps of his argument:

(1) Kant presents his argument as consisting of three propositions and a conclusion, but he labels only the second and third propositions as such. He does not make explicit what he takes the first proposition to be. In recent decades at least a dozen candidates have been put forward in the literature (see Steigleder 2022).

(2) Kant claims that the third proposition follows from the first and the second, but it is widely regarded unclear how it is supposed to follow.

(3) Kant’s final step to the formulation of the supreme principle is often said to be a jump over a gap, rather than a careful step that follows from the preceding argument.

As a result, Kant’s reasoning towards the supreme moral principle seems more like a series of assertions and fragmentary arguments rather than a single argumentative chain.

In this paper, I argue that Kant’s views on philosophical method shed new light on the structure and direction of his argument in G1. It has gone unnoticed that this argument consists of a chain of regressive inferences. I first explain the current positions in the literature regarding Kant’s method in G1 (§2). I then turn to Kant’s views on method (§3). Using his description of the so-called ‘analytic method’, I reconstruct the argument of G1 as a regressive chain. I argue that this reconstruction suggests solutions to the three main difficulties diagnosed in the literature, although several unclarities remain (§4).

Léa Salje is an associate professor at the University of Leeds. She joined Leeds in 2015 on a postdoc, and has been there ever since. Before that she did a PhD at UCL. She works in Philosophy of Mind, mostly on issues around self-knowledge and first person thought. Her first monograph Saying What One Thinks (forthcoming with OUP), is about the special form of self-knowledge we get by putting our thoughts into words.

Eric Schliesser is professor of Political Science, with a focus on Political Theory, at the University of Amsterdam. He was previously affiliated with Syracuse University, Leiden University, and Ghent University among others. Schliesser has published on early modern philosophy, philosophy of economics, the history of analytic philosophy, the history of feminism, and metaphilosophy. His publications include his monograph, Adam Smith: Systematic philosopher and Public Thinker (OUP, 2017). He has edited numerous volumes including (inter alia) Newton and empiricism. (OUP, with Zvi Biener, 2014); Sympathy, a History of a Concept (OUP, 2015); Ten Neglected Classics of philosophy (Oxford, 2017), Neglected Classics of Philosophy, Vol 2 (Oxford 2022), and a translation of Sophie de Grouchy’s Letters on Sympathy (together with Sandrine Berges, Oxford 2019). He keeps a daily blog Digressionsnimpressions.

Christopher Cowie is Associate Professor at the University of Durham. He was previously Junior Research Fellow at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge and has held visiting fellowships at Harvard and Stanford. He is originally from Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is currently working on the implications of axiological paradox, and, unrelatedly, the philosophy of the search for alien life.

To act rightly is to act in accordance with moral demands. But what grounds moral demands? Much contemporary moral philosophy tends to take a non-relational approach to answering this question. According to non-relational moral theories, to act rightly is to act in a way that honours or promotes the (non-relational) moral properties of individuals, for example their well-being or their rights. According to relational moral theories, by contrast, at least some moral demands are grounded in a relation between individuals. To act rightly, is to act in accordance with what our moral relations to other individuals demand from us. Within relational theories, there is a further distinction to be drawn. Most contemporary relational theories presuppose that moral relations are determined by relational moral properties of the individuals involved. Call this account of relational moral demands individuals-first relationalism. Radical relationalism, by contrast, rejects the normative priority of moral properties of individuals – whether they are relational or non-relational properties. Instead, it has a relations-first structure. My aim in this paper is to argue that some moral demands are radically relational.

ABOUT

Fabienne Peter is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick, specialising in moral and political philosophy and in social epistemology, including political epistemology. She has published extensively on political legitimacy and democratic theory. Her current research is in meta-ethics. She served as Head of Department at Warwick from 2017 to 2020. Before joining Warwick, she was a postdoc at Harvard University and then an assistant professor at the University of Basel. She has also held visiting positions at the Research School of Social Sciences at ANU and the Murphy Institute at Tulane University. She has previously been an editor of Economics and Philosophy and is currently an Associate Editor of the Journal of Moral Philosophy.

Many of our practices presuppose moral responsibility. Arguably, agents can only be morally responsible if they are able to act otherwise than they do. Compatibilists and incompatibilists traditionally disagree about whether determinism precludes the ability to do otherwise, often reaching an impasse because they endorse different readings of “able to do otherwise”. I argue that the correct reading of “able to do otherwise” depends on the purposes of our responsibility-entailing practices. Practices serving different purposes may warrant different readings. Consequently, there may be no single independently ascertainable definition of freedom to do otherwise that justifies our responsibility-entailing practices wholesale

ABOUT

Nadine Elzein is an Associate Professor at the University of Warwick. She completed her PhD at University College London, and has held posts at the University of Oxford, King’s College London, the University of Southampton, and University College London. Her research focuses predominantly on free will, moral responsibility, blame, and determinism. She has a present writing project with OUP on this theme.

Christine Korsgaard famously argued that even if we accept the metaphysical theory that there are no selves or persons, the practical standpoint requires us to think of ourselves as unified over time. It is the ability to choose and deliberate, make plans and act that requires me to construct an identity for myself. This practical requirement is antithetical to the Buddhist no-self view. Buddhists argue that it is primarily ignorance about our identity that is responsible for suffering, and that this ignorance consists not just in having a false belief in a metaphysical self but also our ordinary self-conception as being unified across time: our ‘I’-sense, so to say. Buddhists claim that this ‘I’-sense is the real culprit and the source of existential suffering. The Buddhist project of eliminating, or at least reducing, suffering is concerned with arguments to show that there is no metaphysical self and that ‘I’-sense is an illusion that we must get rid of. If Korsgaard is right, it seems that the Buddhist project is in deep trouble. I shall argue that Korsgaard’s requirement is too strong. The Buddhist project is sound and Buddhists at all stages of their practice can continue to choose and deliberate, make plans and act

ABOUT MONIMA

Monima Chadha is Professor of Indian Philosophy at the University of Oxford and Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Lady Margaret Hall. Her research interests are in metaphysics and philosophy of mind in classical Indian and contemporary Western traditions. In recent years, she has written a book Selfless Minds (OUP, 2023) and many articles on Buddhist no-self views and their implications for our concepts of subjectivity, agency, responsibility, and ethical life.

This podcast is an audio recording of an interview with Peter Momtchiloff - at the Aristotelian Society on 23rd July 2024.

Samuel Scheffler is University Professor in the Department of Philosophy at NYU. He works primarily in the areas of moral and political philosophy and the theory of value. His writings have addressed central questions in ethical theory, and he has also written on topics as diverse as equality, nationalism and cosmopolitanism, toleration, terrorism, immigration, tradition, death, and the future of humanity. Scheffler received his A.B. from Harvard and his Ph.D. from Princeton. From 1977-2008 he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author of six books: The Rejection of Consequentialism, Human Morality, Boundaries and Allegiances, Equality and Tradition, Death and the Afterlife (Niko Kolodny ed.), and Why Worry about Future Generations? He has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the U.S. National Endowment for the Humanities, and he has been a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. His first book was awarded the Matchette Prize of the American Philosophical Association. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, and a foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He is currently at work on a book (tentatively) titled The Lives We Lead: Personal Attachment and the Passage of Time.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Scheffler's talk - "Partiality, Deference, and Engagement" - at the Aristotelian Society on 20th June 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Why does Williams proffer these meta-fightin’ words? Readers—and indeed perhaps Williams himself—have struggled to articulate a precise argument for this claim that there are no external reasons and that those who try to invoke them in criticism of others are engaging in bluff. Thus, the force of Williams’ point has remained, at best, elusive, perhaps even to Williams himself.

In this paper, I first want to defend Williams’ claim that the appeal to external reasons is illegitimate. But I will do so from a perspective that is radically different from the ones usually at work in considering Williams’ position. Indeed, this perspective is one that may or may not (probably not!) be in the spirit of Williams’ actual reasons for rejecting external reasons, so it is important to keep in mind (as I will remind you from time to time) that I am not offering an interpretation of Williams here. The distinctive aspect of my approach is that I argue that a rationalist line of thought can support Williams’ claims. To bring out this line of thought, I will examine the metaphysical commitments of those who engage in what Williams calls bluff. I will then reject those commitments on powerful and widely popular rationalist grounds. I will, in other words, endeavor to support Williams’ charge of bluff by investigating what I call the metaphysics of bluff and by offering a rationalist critique of that metaphysics.

Michael Della Rocca is Andrew Downey Orrick Professor of Philosophy at Yale University. He has published widely in early modern philosophy and in contemporary metaphysics. His most recent book, The Parmenidean Ascent (Oxford 2020), defends a radical form of monism in metaphysics, philosophy of action, epistemology, and philosophy of language.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Della Rocca's talk - "Moral Criticism and the Metaphyscis of Bluff" - at the Aristotelian Society on 6th June 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Miriam Schoenfield received her PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2012 and is now an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin and an Affiliate Professor at the Dianoia Institute for Philosophy at Australian Catholic University. In addition to teaching at UT Austin, Miriam has served as a Bersoff fellow at New York University, an Associate Professor at MIT, and has taught philosophy in a number of different prison systems. She is the winner of the Marc Sanders Prize in Epistemology and the Young Epistemologist Prize. Her current research focuses on the ways in which Bayesian epistemology, and the aims of truth and accuracy, bear on debates about how to respond to evidence of our own irrationality.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Schoenfield's talk - "Deferring to Doubt" - at the Aristotelian Society on 30th May 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Alexander P. D. Mourelatos is Professor Emeritus in Philosophy and in Classics at The University of Texas at Austin, where in 1967 he founded and for twenty years directed, the Joint Classics-Philosophy Graduate Program in Ancient Philosophy. He is the author of The Route of Parmenides (1970; 2nd edn., 2008), and editor of The Pre-Socratics: A Collection of Critical Essays 1974; 2nd edn., 1993). Scholarly articles of his have appeared in journals in: philosophy; classics; ; history of science; and linguistics. On more than 170 occasions, he has delivered invited lectures at academic venues in North and South America, Europe, and Australasia. He received all his academic degrees from Yale University (Ph.D., 1964), and has been awarded two honorary doctorates in his native Greece (University of Athens, 1994; University of Crete, 2017). Students of his and colleagues have presanted him with two collections in his honor: in 2002, Presocratic Philosophy—Essays in Honour of Alexander Mourelatos; and in 2019, a special double issue of the periodical Philosophical Inquiry. He has held research appointments at: the University of Wisconsin, Madison; the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, NJ); the Center for Hellenic Studies (Washington, DC, Harvard University); Cambridge University; and the Australian National University.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Mourelatos's talk - "Parmenides of Elea and Xenophanes of Colophon: the Conceptually Deeper Connections" - at the Aristotelian Society on 23rd May 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

In answer to the second question, Fish (2021) has examined the debate between Burge and McDowell over the alleged incompatibility of disjunctivism with the discoveries of perceptual science, and has compared it to a clash of Kuhnian paradigms. Miguens (2020) takes conflicting ideas about representations to be the main point of disagreement. I will argue instead that the point at issue is Burge’s acceptance, and McDowell’s rejection of the ‘Cartesian idealisation’ of mind as a self-contained system. Fish’s treatment of the controversy as a matter of competing research programmes, analogous to scientific ones, neglects the crucial particularity of the case, which is that McDowell’s philosophy of perception declines to define its explanatory objects in the way most conducive to scientific research. For this reason, there is more of a tension with science than McDowell admits; but as I will ultimately argue, this does not invalidate disjunctivism.

Mazviita Chirimuuta is a Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. Her current research interests include philosophy of perception, philosophy of neuroscience, and history of the mind/brain sciences. She received her PhD in Vision Science from the University of Cambridge in 2004. Following that she held post-docs in perceptual psychology, and in philosophy at Monash University and at Washington University in St. Louis. Between 2011-2020 she was Assistant then Associate Professor in History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. Her book Outside Colour: Perceptual Science and the Puzzle of Colour in Philosophy was published by MIT Press in 2015, and she is currently working on a monograph under contract with MIT Press, The Brain Abstracted: Simplification in the History and Philosophy of Neuroscience. The new book examines the various strategies that neuroscientists have used to produce simple models of formidably complex neural systems. Given that simplified representations, such as computational models, require departure from literal truth about the brain, the book will consider how to best interpret such abstractions when doing naturalistic philosophy of mind.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Chirimuuta's talk - "Disjunctivism and Cartesian Idealisation" - at the Aristotelian Society on 9th May 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Emma Borg is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Reading and Joint Director of the Reading Centre for Cognition Research. She has held a number of visiting and advisory positions, including the White Distinguished Fellow for Philosophy at the University of Chicago, and sitting on the Executive Committee of the Mind Association. Currently she serves on the Advisory Board of the Leverhulme Trust, and (due to her work in business ethics) as an Independent Advisor to the Professional Standards Committee of Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). In the past, her research has focused on philosophy of language, particularly the semantics-pragmatics interface, but she currently holds a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship for work exploring our understanding of human action.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Borg's talk - "In Defence of Individual Rationality" - at the Aristotelian Society on 25th April 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Jack Spencer is Associate Professor of Philosophy at MIT. Before doing his PhD at Princeton, he studied philosophy and economics at University of Colorado, Boulder. Much of his research has been in metaphysics and decision theory. He is currently thinking about instantaneous rates-of-change, fundamentality, rationality and vagueness.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Spencer's talk - "Intrinsically Desiring the Vague" - at the Aristotelian Society on 21st March 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Dawn Phillips studied at the University of Durham and wrote her PhD on Wittgenstein’s say-show distinction. She held philosophy positions at Kent, Cork, Southampton, Oxford, and Warwick. In 2011 she became a Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Hull and, also, became Dawn Wilson.
Dawn has published on Wittgenstein early and late, particularly the Tractatus, including articles on logical analysis, clarity, symbolism, the picture theory of language and the expression of thought. With David Connearn, she co-authored an article about Wittgenstein’s House in Skjolden and co-ordinated an international letters campaign for the conservation of the house and its legacy.
She is interested in language, thought and image, particularly in art and aesthetics and the philosophy of photography. Her article, ‘Photography and Causation’, launched a field of debate known as the ‘New Theory’ of photography and was selected as one of twelve classic texts to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the British Journal of Aesthetics. She recently published ‘Invisible Images and Indeterminacy: Why we need a Multi-stage Account of Photography’ and she is co-authoring, with Laure Blanc-Benon, the photography entry for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. She is writing a book titled Aesthetics and Photography for Bloomsbury, and articles on temporal representation, co-portraiture, and comparing photography with music.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Wilson's talk - "Reflecting, Registering, Recording and Representing: From Light Image to Photographic Picture" - at the Aristotelian Society on 7th March 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Andrew Huddleston is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick, where he is co-Director of the Centre for Research in Post-Kantian European Philosophy. He studied as an undergraduate at Brown and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and did his PhD at Princeton under the supervision of Alexander Nehamas. Huddleston previously taught at Exeter College, Oxford and at Birkbeck College, University of London. He specializes in 19th and 20th Century European Philosophy, Aesthetics, and Ethics. His book Nietzsche on the Decadence and Flourishing of Culture (2019) was published by Oxford University Press, and he is presently at work on a book tentatively titled Art’s Highest Calling: The Religion of Art in a Secular Age.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Huddleston's talk - "Aesthetic Beautification" - at the Aristotelian Society on 21 February 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Rachel Cristy is a Lecturer in Philosophy at King’s College London. She received her PhD in Philosophy from Princeton University and held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Toronto’s Centre for Ethics before coming to King’s. She works on the history of late modern philosophy, primarily on Nietzsche, sometimes putting him in conversation with William James, one of the founders of American Pragmatism. She is especially interested in late modern philosophers’ attitudes toward science, including both epistemological views (on its methods, its limitations, what sort of philosophical foundation it has or needs) and ethical views (on the proper place of science in the life of individuals and societies). She has also published on Kant’s aesthetics as it relates to wine.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Cristy's talk - "Commanders and Scientific Labourers: Nietzsche on the Relationship Between Philosophy and Science" - at the Aristotelian Society on 31 January 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Rachael Wiseman is Senior Lecturer in Philosphy at University of Liverpool. She is the author of the Routledge Guidebook to Anscombe’s Intention (Routledge, 2016) and, with Clare Mac Cumhaill, Metaphysical Animals (Chatto & Windus, 2022) — a joint philosophical biography of GEM Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Mary Midgley and Iris Murdoch. She is associate editor (for analytic philosophy) at British Journal for the History of Philosophy.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Wiseman's talk - "Metaphysics by Analogy" - at the Aristotelian Society on 17 January 2022. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Cécile Fabre is Senior Research Fellow in Politics at All Souls College, Oxford, and Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Oxford. She previous taught at the London School of Economics and the University of Edinburgh. She holds degrees from La Sorbonne University, the University of York, and the University of Oxford. Her research interests include theories of distributive justice, issues relating to the rights we have over our own body and, more recently, just war theory,and the ethics of foreign policy.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Fabre's talk - "Doxastic Wrongs, Non-spurious Generalisations and Particularised Beliefs" - at the Aristotelian Society on 15 November 2021. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Widdows' talk - 'No Duty To Resist: Why individual resistance is an ineffective response to dominant beauty ideals' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 October 2021. This recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

The 114th Presidential Address was chaired by Bill Brewer (KCL), the 113th President of the Aristotelian Society.

Robert Stern is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield, where he has been since 1989. Prior to that he did his BA and PhD at Cambridge, and held a research fellowship at St John’s College Cambridge. His main research interests are in the history of philosophy – particularly Kant and Hegel, and also Kierkegaard, and more recently K. E. Løgstrup, Iris Murdoch, Emmanuel Levinas and Martin Luther. He connects these historical inquires with more systematic questions in metaphysics, epistemology and ethics, particularly topics such as realism vs idealism, the use of transcendental arguments, and the nature of moral obligation. His books include three works on Hegel; a collection of papers on Kant; a discussion of transcendental arguments; an investigation into Kant, Hegel and Kierkegaard on obligation; and a study of Løgstrup. He has been a Fellow of the British Academy since 2019, and has served on the Executive Committee of the Aristotelian Society and as President of the British Philosophical Association, and is currently chair of the Philosophy sub-panel for REF2021.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Stern's address - 'The Objectivity of Perception' - at the Aristotelian Society on 5 October 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Borcherding's talk - '“I wish my Speech were like a Loadstone”: Cavendish on Love and Self-Love' - at the Aristotelian Society on 28 June 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Beaney's talk - 'Swimming Happily in Chinese Logic' - at the Aristotelian Society on 21 June 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Her research interests are in the philosophy of logic, epistemology, the philosophy of language, and the history of analytic philosophy. Her current work focuses mostly on how logic relates to reasoning — from foundational, normative and epistemological perspectives. She has just finished writing a book for Oxford University Press on the relevance of Lewis Carroll’s regress argument (in his Mind 1895 paper ‘What the Tortoise Said to Achilles’) to key debates in the philosophy of logic and reasoning. Its (working) title is: Logic, Reasoning and Regresses: A Defence of Logical Cognitivism.

Corine also runs the Centre for Logic and Language (CeLL) at the Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, London, and, together with Anandi Hattiangadi (Stockholm), she holds a three year grant from the Bank of Sweden on The Foundations of Epistemic Normativity.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Besson's talk - 'Knowing How to Reason Logically' - at the Aristotelian Society on 7 June 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Easwaran's talk - 'A New Method for Value Aggregation' - at the Aristotelian Society on 24 May 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Chan's talk - 'Equality, Friendship, and Politics' - at the Aristotelian Society on 10 May 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Bader's talk - 'Coincidence and Supervenience' - at the Aristotelian Society on 24 April 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Varden's talk - 'Kant and Arendt on Barbaric and Totalitarian Evil' - at the Aristotelian Society on 22 March 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Cornell's talk - 'Gambling on Others and Relying on Others' - at the Aristotelian Society on 8 March 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Gill's talk - 'Aristotle’s Hylomorphism Reconceived' - at the Aristotelian Society on 22 February 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Sattler's talk - 'Paradoxes as Philosophical Method and their Zenonian Origins' - at the Aristotelian Society on 1 February 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Walters' talk - 'The Linguistic Approach to Ontology' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 January 2021. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Jenco's talk - 'Moral Knowledge and Empirical Verification in Late Ming China' - at the Aristotelian Society on 16 November 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Haddock's talk - 'The Wonder of Signs' - at the Aristotelian Society on 2 November 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Curry's talk - 'Must there be an Empirical Basis for the Theorization of Racialized Subjects in Race-Gender Theory?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 19 October 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Bill Brewer is Susan Stebbing Professor of Philosophy at King's College London, having previously been Research Fellow at King’s College Cambridge, Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at St. Catherine’s College, Oxford, and Professor of Philosophy at Warwick, and also a visiting professor at Brown and Berkeley. He is author of Perception and Reason (Oxford: OUP, 1999) and Perception and Its Objects (Oxford: OUP, 2011), and of many papers on perception, action, objects, and knowledge. He is co-editor of Spatial Representation (Oxford: OUP, 1999) and The Nature of Ordinary Objects (Cambridge: CUP, 2019). He works on Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics, and Epistemology, and is currently returning to an abiding interest in the objectivity of perceptual experience. He is co-editor of Philosophy, the journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Brewer's address - 'The Objectivity of Perception' - at the Aristotelian Society on 5 October 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

The 113th Presidential Address will be chaired by Helen Steward (Leeds) - 112th President of the Aristotelian Society.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Dean's talk - 'On Consistency and Existence in Mathematics' - at the Aristotelian Society on 15 June 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Han-Pile's talk - 'Two Puzzles in the Early Christian Constitution of the Self: Reflections on Foucault’s Interpretation of John Cassian' - at the Aristotelian Society on 8 June 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Mahtani's talk - 'Dutch Book and Accuracy Theorems' - at the Aristotelian Society on 1 June 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Antognazza's talk - 'The Distinction of Kind between Knowledge and Belief' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 May 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Darby's talk - 'Rights Externalism and Racial Injustice' - at the Aristotelian Society on 11 May 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Cartwright's talk - 'Why Trust Science?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 27 April 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Nelkin's talk - 'Equal Opportunity' - at the Aristotelian Society on 30 March 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Bacon's talk - 'Vagueness at Every Order' - at the Aristotelian Society on 16 March 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Douglas' talk - 'Spinoza’s Unquiet Acquiescentia' - at the Aristotelian Society on 17 February 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Goff's talk - 'Panpsychism and Free Will' - at the Aristotelian Society on 3 February 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Thomas' talk - 'Time and Subtle Pictures in the History of Philosophy' - at the Aristotelian Society on 20 January 2020. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

She holds a doctorate from Oxford University, where she was a Commonwealth Scholar and a Rhodes Junior Research Fellow. As PI, she has led three transdisciplinary research projects: 1) for the University of Wolverhampton (Black and Minority Ethnic Students’ Experience), 2) for the Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship (Caste Aside: Dalit Punjabi Identity and Experience) and 3) for the UK Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) (Caste in Britain) leading a consortium of experts from SOAS, Manchester Metropolitan, Goldsmiths, Middlesex and Wolverhampton. Her two EHRC reports (Dhanda et al 2014a and Dhanda et al 2014b) were used by the UK Government Equalities Office in its public consultation on how caste discrimination must be legally addressed in Britain.

Professor Meena Dhanda is an executive member of SWIP UK and the BPA. She is placed on Amnesty International’s Suffragette Spirit Map of Britain (2018) in recognition of her long-standing commitment to anti-discrimination research and practice.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Dhanda's talk - 'Philosophical Foundations of Anti-Casteism' - at the Aristotelian Society on 9 December 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Murphy's talk - 'On Principled Compromises ' - at the Aristotelian Society on 4 November 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Pettigrove's talk - 'Ambition, Love, and Happiness' - at the Aristotelian Society on 21 October 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Helen Steward is Professor of Philosophy of Mind and Action at the University of Leeds. She received her D.Phil from the University of Oxford in 1992. Before moving to Leeds in 2007, she was Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford for 14 years. Her research interests lie mainly in the philosophy of action and free will, the philosophy of mind, and the metaphysical and ontological issues which bear on these areas (e.g. causation, supervenience, levels of explanation, the event/state distinction, the concepts of process and power). She has also worked on the category of animality and on understandings of the human being which take seriously our membership of the animal kingdom, and related biological and evolutionary perspectives on ourselves. She is the author of The Ontology of Mind (Oxford: OUP, 1997) and A Metaphysics for Freedom (Oxford: OUP, 2012), as well as many papers on free will, agency, mental causation and ontology of mind.

The 112th Presidential Address was chaired by Jonathan Wolff (Oxford) – 111th President of the Aristotelian Society.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Steward's address - 'Free Will and External Reality: Two Scepticisms Compared' - at the Aristotelian Society on 7 October 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Stock's talk - 'What is Sexual Orientation?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 3 June 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Sattig's talk - 'The Flow of Time in Experience' - at the Aristotelian Society on 20 May 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor List's talk - 'What’s Wrong with the Consequence Argument: A Compatibilist Libertarian Response' - at the Aristotelian Society on 13 May 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Calhoun's talk - 'Responsibilities and Taking On Responsibility' - at the Aristotelian Society on 29 April 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Mulhall's talk - ' Heidegger’s Fountain: Ecstasis, Mimesis and Engrossment in the Origin of the Work of Art' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 March 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Connell's talk - 'Care and Parenting in Aristotelian Ethics' - at the Aristotelian Society on 4 March 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

He arrived at the University of Birmingham as a Birmingham Research Fellow in 2013, and has been Senior Lecturer there since 2017. Before joining Birmingham, he was a Fitzjames Research Fellow at Merton College, University of Oxford, and Jacobsen Research Fellow at KCL and the Institute of Philosophy, following a PhD at Birkbeck, University of London. He has been a Visiting Scholar at MIT, a Visiting Fellow on the ConceptLab project at the University of Oslo, and received the Sanders Prize for Metaphysics in 2012. He is from North Derbyshire.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Jones' talk - 'Propositions and Cognitive Relations' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 February 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor All Srinivasan's talk - 'Pn Genealogy' - at the Aristotelian Society on 4 February 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Allen's talk - 'Should We Believe Philosophical Claims on Testimony?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 21 January 2019. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Neale's talk - 'Means Means Means' - at the Aristotelian Society on 26 November 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Langton's talk - 'Empathy and First Personal Imagining' - at the Aristotelian Society on 12 November 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Peter's talk - 'Normative Facts and Reasons' - at the Aristotelian Society on 29 October 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Fine's talk - 'Refugees, Safety and a Decent Human Life' - at the Aristotelian Society on 15 October 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Jonathan Wolff is the Blavatnik Chair in Public Policy at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. He was formerly Professor of Philosophy and Dean of Arts and Humanities at UCL.

Earlier works include Disadvantage (OUP 2007), with Avner de-Shalit; An Introduction to Political Philosophy (OUP, 1996, third edition 2016); Why Read Marx Today? (OUP 2002); and Robert Nozick (Polity 1991). He has had a long-standing interest in health and health promotion, including questions of justice in health care resource allocation, the social determinants of health, and incentives and health behaviour. He has been a member of the Nuffield Council of Bioethics, the Academy of Medical Science working party on Drug Futures, the Gambling Review Body, the Homicide Review Group, an external member of the Board of Science of the British Medical Association, and a Trustee of GambleAware. He writes a column on higher education for the Guardian.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Wolff's address - 'Equality and Hierarchy' - at the Aristotelian Society on 1 October 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is a recording of the sixth and final symposium at the Joint Session - "Fundamental Powers" - which featured Alexander Bird (KCL) and Barbara Vetter (Freie Universität Berlin).

Alexander Bird is Peter Sowerby Professor of Philosophy and Medicine at King’s College London, having previously been professor of philosophy at the University of Bristol. His published books are Philosophy of Science (1998), Thomas Kuhn (2000), and Nature’s Metaphysics (2007). His current project Knowing Science, Knowing Medicine aims to bring insights from general epistemology to bear on the philosophy of science and medicine.

Barbara Vetter is Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at Freie Universität Berlin. She has previously taught at Humboldt-Universität Berlin and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen, and holds a BPhil and a DPhil from Oxford University. Barbara Vetter is the author of Potentiality: From Dispositions to Modality (OUP 2015), co-editor of Dispositionen: Texte aus der zeitgenössischen Debatte (with Stephan Schmid, Suhrkamp 2014) and has published various articles on dispositions, modality, abilities, and related issues in metaphysics, semantics, and philosophy of science. Most of her work focusses on developing and defending a disposition-based approach to modality.

This podcast is a recording of the fifth symposium at the Joint Session - "Benevolence" - which featured Nomy Arpaly (Brown) and Erasmus Mayr (FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg).

Nomy Arpaly is a professor of philosophy at Brown University. She is the author of three books (one of which is co-authored with Timothy Schroeder) and various articles, all concerning what she still insists on calling "moral psychology”, though the students coming to her seminars are often disappointed to learn that the there will be no discussion of trolley cases, FMRI machines, or people asked about trolley cases while hooked to FMRI machines. She has written about rationality, akrasia, desire, reasons, virtue, deliberation, moral worth, moral responsibility, and the relationship between being a good person and having accurate moral beliefs. She is currently working on a new project in normative ethics.

Erasmus Mayr is Professor of Philosophy at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg. His main research interests lie in philosophy of action and ethics; his publications include Understanding Human Agency (OUP 2011). Before coming to Erlangen, he studied philosophy and law at the LMU Munich, and spent some time at Oxford University and the Humboldt University in Berlin.

This podcast is a recording of the fourth symposium at the Joint Session - "What Brains-in-Vats Can Know" - which featured Ofra Magidor (Oxford) and Aidan McGlynn (Edinburgh).

Ofra Magidor is Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford. She completed a BSc in Mathematics, Philosophy, and Computer Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a BPhil and DPhil in Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Prior to her current appointment she was Associate Professor and Tutorial Fellow at Balliol College and the University of Oxford, and a Junior Research Fellow at Queen’s College, Oxford. Her research focuses on Metaphysics, Epistemology, Philosophy of Language, and Philosophical Logic.

Aidan McGlynn is a lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, having previously worked at the Northern Institute of Philosophy at the University of Aberdeen, and having studied at the University of St Andrews and the University of Texas at Austin. He recently completed a series of papers and a monograph on knowledge first approaches to epistemology and the philosophies of language and mind. Since then, he has been working on evidence, first-person thought and self-knowledge, epistemic entitlement, pornography, epistemic injustice, silencing, and objectification.

This podcast is a recording of the second symposium at the Joint Session - "Racial Justice" - which featured Charles Mills (CUNY) and Katrin Flikschuh (LSE).

Charles W. Mills is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center. He works in the general area of social and political philosophy, particularly in oppositional political theory as centered on class, gender, and race. He is the author of over a hundred journal articles, book chapters, comments and replies, and six books: The Racial Contract (Cornell University Press, 1997); Blackness Visible: Essays on Philosophy and Race (Cornell University Press, 1998); From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003); Contract and Domination (co-authored with Carole Pateman) (Polity, 2007); Radical Theory, Caribbean Reality: Race, Class and Social Domination (University of the West Indies Press, 2010); and Black Rights/White Wrongs: The Critique of Racial Liberalism (Oxford University Press, 2017).

Katrin Flikschuh is Professor of Modern Political Theory at the London School of Economics. She primarily works on Kant's political philosophy and its relation to contemporary liberalism. More recently she has begun to work on modern African philosophy. From April 2014 to December 2017 she is Principal Investigator of a Leverhulme Trust funded International Network that seeks to engage African and Western political theorists and philosophers with one another. She is author of Kant and Modern Political Philosophy (CUP 2000, 2008), Freedom. Contemporary Liberal Perspectives (Polity 2007), and What is Orientation in Global Thinking? A Kantian Enquiry (CUP, 2017). She is co-editor, with Lea Ypi, of Kant and Colonialism (OUP 2014).

This podcast is a recording of the first symposium at the Joint Session - "Plato on the Uses and Value of Knowledge" - which featured Verity Hale (Yale) and Melissa Lane (Princeton).

Verity Harte is George A. Saden Professor of Philosophy and Classics at Yale University. She is the author of Plato on Parts and Wholes: the Metaphysics of Structure (2002) and of various articles on ancient philosophy. She is co-editor (with MM McCabe, Robert W. Sharples and Anne Sheppard) of Aristotle and the Stoics Reading Plato (2010), (with Melissa Lane) of Politeia in Greek and Roman Philosophy (2013), and (with Raphael Woolf) of Rereading Ancient Philosophy: Old Chestnuts and Sacred Cows (2017). She is presently writing a monograph on Plato's Philebus.

Melissa Lane is the Class of 1943 Professor of Politics at Princeton University, where she is also Director of the University Center for Human Values, and an associated faculty member in the Departments of Classics and of Philosophy. Previously she taught in the Faculty of History at the University of Cambridge, after receiving there an M.Phil. and PhD in Philosophy. She writes largely though not exclusively on ancient Greek political philosophy. Her books include Method and Politics in Plato’s Statesman (Cambridge 1998); Plato’s Progeny (Duckworth 2001); Eco-Republic (Peter Lang 2011 / Princeton 2012); and Greek and Roman Political Ideas (Penguin 2014; revised edition published as The Birth of Politics, Princeton 2015). She and Verity Harte co-edited Politeia in Greek and Roman Philosophy (Cambridge 2013). In 2018 she will be the Carlyle Lecturer at Oxford and give the Knox Lecture at St Andrews and the Royal Institute of Philosophy/Royal Society of Edinburgh annual lecture; she has also delivered named annual public lectures at the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, Wesleyan University, the University of Auckland, Leiden University; the University of Florida; the University of New Hampshire; and Harvard University, and has been named a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

This podcast is a recording of the inaugural address to the Joint Session - "W(h)ither Metaphysical Necessity?" - which was delivered by the incoming President of the Mind Association, John Divers (Leeds). John is a first-generation University entrant who studied, and subsequently taught, Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. He has been Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sheffield and currently holds that position at the University of Leeds. The dominant theme in his published work is modality, including the 2002 book Possible Worlds and (in progress) Necessity After Quine. John is also an Editor of Thought and Director of the Leverhulme Trust Research Project, Thinking Counterfactually - How "Would have been” reveals what is and what must be.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. McGeer's talk - 'Intelligent Capacities' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 June 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Lawford-Smith's talk - 'Collective Culpability and Collective Punishment' - at the Aristotelian Society on 4 June 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Shapiro's talk - 'Assuming Epistemic Authority' - at the Aristotelian Society on 1 June 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Hills' talk - 'Moral and Aesthetic Virtue' - at the Aristotelian Society on 23 April 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Saar's talk - 'What is Social Philosophy?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 19 March 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Moss's talk - 'Moral Encroachment' - at the Aristotelian Society on 5 March 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Voorhoeve's talk - 'Epicurus on Pleasure, the Complete Life, and Death: A Partial Defence' - at the Aristotelian Society on 19 February 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Sawyer's talk - 'The Importance of Concepts' - at the Aristotelian Society on 22 January 2018. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Jaffro's talk - 'Forgiveness and Weak Agency' - at the Aristotelian Society on 27 November 2017. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Ashford's talk - 'The Infliction of Severe Poverty as the Perfect Crime' - at the Aristotelian Society on 13 November 2017. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Gardner's talk - 'Discrimination: The Good, the Bad, and the Wrongful' - at the Aristotelian Society on 30 October 2017. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Recanati's talk - 'Fictional, Metafictional, Parafictional' - at the Aristotelian Society on 16 October 2017. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

Helen Beebee is Samuel Hall Professor of Philosophy at the University of Manchester. She completed her PhD at King’s College London in 1996, and has previously held positions at Edinburgh, St. Andrews, UCL, The Australian National University, and Birmingham. Her research falls mostly within metaphysics, focussing primarily on causality, laws of nature, and freedom of the will. Her publications include a monograph on Hume (Hume on Causation, Routledge 2006) and a textbook, Free Will (Palgrave, 2013), and she is currently Principal Investigator for an AHRC project, ‘The Age of Metaphysical Revolution’, which focusses on the work and correspondence of David Lewis in the context of his role in the history of twentieth-century analytic philosophy. She has served as President of the British Society for the Philosophy of Science (2015-17), Director of the British Philosophical Association (2007-11), a member of the AHRC Advisory Board (2008-13), and a co-editor of Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (current), as well as a member of various executive committees of learned societies and journal editorial boards. She is a Patron of the Athena SWAN Charter.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Beebee's address - 'Philosophical Scepticism' - at the Aristotelian Society on 2 October 2017. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Dasgupta's talk - 'Normative Non-Naturalism and the Problem of Authority' - at the Aristotelian Society on 19 June 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Viehoff's talk - 'Serving the Governed' - at the Aristotelian Society on 5 June 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Renz's talk - 'Self-Knowledge as a Personal Achievement' - at the Aristotelian Society on 22 May 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Lang's talk - 'What Follows from Defensive Non-Liability?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 8 May 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Roessler's talk - 'Privacy as a Human Right' - at the Aristotelian Society on 6 March 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Ypi's talk - ' Pragmatist Coherence as the Source of Truth and Reality' - at the Aristotelian Society on 20 February 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Schӧnbaumsfeld's talk - 'Beliefs-in-a-Vat' - at the Aristotelian Society on 6 February 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Knox's talk - 'Novel Explanation and the Special Sciences - Lessons From Physics' - at the Aristotelian Society on 23 January 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Chang's talk - 'Pragmatist Coherence as the Source of Truth and Reality' - at the Aristotelian Society on 9 January 2017. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Studd's talk - 'Generality, Extensibility, and Paradox' - at the Aristotelian Society on 28 November 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Lord's talk - 'Disagreement in the Political Philosophy of Spinoza and Rancière' - at the Aristotelian Society on 14 November 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Cripps' talk - 'Justice, Integrity and Moral Community' - at the Aristotelian Society on 31 October 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Daly's talk - 'Persistent Philosophical Disagreement' - at the Aristotelian Society on 17 October 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

The 109th Presidential Address will be chaired by Susan James (Birkbeck) - 108th President of the Aristotelian Society.

Tim Crane is Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. Before coming to Cambridge in 2009 he taught at UCL for twenty years and founded the Institute of Philosophy in the University of London in 2005. He is the philosophy editor of the TLS and general editor of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Crane is the author of a number of books, including The Mechanical Mind (1995, 3rd edition 2016), Elements of Mind (2001), The Objects of Thought (2013) and Aspects of Psychologism (2014). He has defended a conception of the mind which rejects both scientistic reductionism and the idea that philosophy of mind should be insulated from science, and he has argued that intentionality — the mind’s direction on its objects, or its representational power — is the essential feature of the mind.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Crane's address - 'The Unity of Unconsciousness' - at the Aristotelian Society on 3 October 2016. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Debus's talk - 'Shaping Our Mental Lives' - at the Aristotelian Society on 20 June 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Greaves's talk - 'Cluelessness' - at the Aristotelian Society on 6 June 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Scott's talk - 'From Painters to Poets: Method in Plato, Republic X' - at the Aristotelian Society on 23 May 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Poellner's talk - 'Phenomenology and the Perceptual Model of Emotion' - at the Aristotelian Society on 9 May 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Leng's talk - 'Naturalism and Placement' - at the Aristotelian Society on 25 April 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Leech's talk - 'The Mereology of Representation' - at the Aristotelian Society on 7 March 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Rosefeldt's talk - 'Closing the Gap' - at the Aristotelian Society on 22 February 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Holroyd's talk - 'What Do We Want From a Model of Implicit Cognition?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 8 February 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Wilson's talk - 'Internal and External Validity in Thought Experiments' - at the Aristotelian Society on 25 January 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Bayne's talk - 'Gist!' - at the Aristotelian Society on 11 January 2016. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Woollard's talk - 'Dimensions of Demandingness' - at the Aristotelian Society on 30 November 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Dokic's talk - 'Aesthetic Experience as Metacognitive Feeling' - at the Aristotelian Society on 16 November 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Sach's talk - 'Contractarianism as a Political Morality' - at the Aristotelian Society on 2 November 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Enoch's talk - 'What’s Wrong with Paternalism:Autonomy, Belief and Action' - at the Aristotelian Society on 19 October 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

The 108th Presidential Address will be chaired by Adrian Moore (Oxford) - 107th President of the Aristotelian Society.

Susan James is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. Among her books are Passion and Action: The Emotions in Early Modern Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1997); Margaret Cavendish: Political Writings (Cambridge University Press, 2003); and Spinoza on Philosophy, Religion and Politics: The Theologico-Political Treatise (Oxford University Press, 2012). She is currently working on a collection of essays, Spinoza on Learning to Live Together.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor James' address - 'Freedom and Nature: A Spinozist Invitation' - at the Aristotelian Society on 5 October 2015. The recording was produced by the Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Siegel's talk - 'Epistemic Charge' - at the Aristotelian Society on 15 June 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Pearson's talk - 'What are Sources of Motivation?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 1 June 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Golob's talk - 'Self-Knowledge, Agency and Self-Authorship' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 May 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Prosser's talk - 'Why are Indexicals Essential?' - at the Aristotelian Society on 11 May 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Hoerl's talk - 'Writing on the Page of Consciousness' - at the Aristotelian Society on 27 April 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Chrisman's talk - 'Knowing What One Ought To Do' - at the Aristotelian Society on 9 March 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Gibb's talk - 'Defending Dualism' - at the Aristotelian Society on 9 February 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Gregory's talk - 'Visual Content, Expectations, and the Outside World' - at the Aristotelian Society on 26 January 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Garnett's talk - 'Freedom and Indoctrination' - at the Aristotelian Society on 12 January 2015. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Timmermann's talk - 'What’s Wrong with "Deontology"' - at the Aristotelian Society on 1 December 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Sliwa's talk - 'Understanding and Knowing' - at the Aristotelian Society on 17 November 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Heil's talk - 'Genre, Interpretation and Evaluation' - at the Aristotelian Society on 20 October 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Abell's talk - 'Genre, Interpretation and Evaluation' - at the Aristotelian Society on 20 October 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

The 107th Presidential Address was chaired by David Papineau (KCL) – 106th President of the Aristotelian Society.

Adrian Moore is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford, where he is also a Tutorial Fellow at St Hugh’s College. He was an undergraduate at Cambridge and a graduate at Oxford, where he wrote his doctorate under the supervision of Michael Dummett. He is one of Bernard Williams’ literary executors. His publications include The Infinite; Points of View; Noble in Reason, Infinite in Faculty: Themes and Variations in Kant’s Moral and Religious Philosophy; and, most recently, The Evolution of Modern Metaphysics: Making Sense of Things.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Moore's address - 'Being, Univocity and Logical Syntax' - at the Aristotelian Society on 6 October 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company.

This podcast is a recording of the fifth and final symposium at the Joint Session - "Self-Regulation" - which featured Tamar Szabó Gendler (Yale) and Jennifer Nagel (Toronto). Tamar Gendler is the Vincent J. Scully Professor of Philosophy, Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science, and Deputy Provost for Humanities and Initiatives at Yale University, where she has taught since 2006. Previously, she taught Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Cornell and Syracuse Universities, after earning her PhD at Harvard University in 1996. Much of her recent philosophical work has focused a cluster of issues surrounding the relations between explicit and implicit attitudes, particularly in the context of habit, self-regulation, and implicit bias; other current interests include general questions about philosophical methodology, and a number of specific issues that arise from thinking about the relation between imagination and belief. Her earlier philosophical work addressed various topics in metaphysics and epistemology including conceivability and possibility, perceptual experience, personal identity, and the methodology of thought experiment. A collection of some of her papers was published under the title Intuition, Imagination and Philosophical Methodology (Oxford, 2010). Jennifer Nagel is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Chair at the University of Toronto, where she has worked since 2000. She was a Visiting Fellow at All Souls College Oxford in 2012, and at the Institute for Advanced Study in Jerusalem in 2011. Her recent work focuses on the relationship between intuitive knowledge attribution and knowledge itself; it aims to bridge the gap between empirical work on mental state attribution and theoretical work in epistemology.

This podcast is a recording of the fourth symposium at the Joint Session - "The Ethical Significance of Persistence" - which featured Amber Carpenter (York) and Stephen Makin (Sheffield). Amber Carpenter has been Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of York since 2007; she has taught at St. Andrews, Cornell and Oxford. She has published in Ancient Greek philosophy, especially the ethics, epistemology and metaphysics of Plato, and is the co-founder of the Yorkshire Ancient Philosophy Network. She was an Einstein Fellow at the Einstein Forum, which enabled her to begin work in Indian Buddhist philosophy, and subsequently held an Anniversary Lectureship from the University of York. Her book on metaphysics as ethics in Indian Buddhism appeared in 2013. Her interests include the nature of pleasure and reason and their respective places in a well-lived life; the implications of metaphysics for ethics; and the nature of knowledge, our striving for it, and the effects this has on our character. Stephen Makin took his first degree at Edinburgh University, and then moved to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, to study for a PhD. His research was originally on the philosophy of the early Wittgenstein, but his interests rapidly turned to ancient philosophy. His doctoral thesis was on pre-Socratic atomism. He was a research fellow at Magdalene College, Cambridge, before being appointed to a lectureship in Sheffield in 1984. Stephen has published papers on philosophy of religion, Democritean atomism, method in ancient philosophy, the metaphysics of Aristotle, and Aquinas’ philosophy of nature. His book on principle-of-insufficient-reason arguments in ancient philosophy was published by Blackwell in 1993 under the title Indifference Arguments. His translation of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Book 9, along with a substantial commentary, was published in the Clarendon Aristotle Series in 2006. His research interests also include various topics in contemporary metaphysics.

This podcast is a recording of the third symposium at the Joint Session - "Culpability, Duress and Excuses" - which featured Gideon Rosen (Princeton) and Marcia Baron (St. Andrews). Gideon Rosen is Chair of the Council of the Humanities at Princeton University. He joined the faculty of Philosophy in 1993, having taught previously at the University of Michigan. His areas of research include metaphysics, epistemology and moral philosophy. He is the author (with John Burgess) of A Subject With No Object (Oxford, 1997). Marcia Baron is Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews and Rudy Professor of Philosophy at Indiana University. Her main interests are in moral philosophy and philosophy of criminal law. Publications include Kantian Ethics Almost without Apology (Cornell 1995), Three Methods of Ethics: A Debate, co-authored with Philip Pettit and Michael Slote (Blackwell, 1997), “Manipulativeness” (2003), “Excuses, Excuses” (2007), “Virtue Ethics, Kantian Ethics, and the ‘One Thought Too Many’ Objection” (2008), “Kantian Moral Maturity and the Cultivation of Character” (2009), “Gender Issues in the Criminal Law” (2011), “Self-Defense: The Imminence Requirement” (2011), and “Rape, Seduction, Shame, and Culpability in Tess of the d’Urbervilles” (2013). Forthcoming articles include “The Ticking Bomb Hypothetical” and “The Supererogatory and Kant’s Wide Duties.”

This podcast is a recording of the second symposium at the Joint Session - "Moral Testimony" - which featured Hallvard Lillehammer (Birkbeck) and Roger Crisp (Oxford). Hallvard Lillehammer is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. From 2000 to 2013 he taught in the Faculty of Philosophy at Cambridge University, where he was the Sidgwick Lecturer and a Fellow of King’s College, Churchill College, and the Judge Business School. He has published widely in moral and political philosophy, in particular on issues in contemporary metaethics, the history of ethical thought, and matters of life and death. Roger Crisp is Uehiro Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at St Anne’s College, Oxford, and Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Mill on Utilitarianism (1997) and Reasons and the Good (2006), and has translated Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics for CUP. He is currently writing a book on Henry Sidgwick’s The Methods of Ethics.

This podcast is a recording of the first symposium at the Joint Session - "Truth and Meaning" - which featured Ian Rumfitt (Birmingham) and Alan Weir (who was filling in for Gary Kemp). Ian Rumfitt studied philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford, and at Princeton University, and has taught it at Keele University, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and back at Oxford, where he was for seven years a Tutorial Fellow of University College. He has held a position at Birkbeck University of London since 2005. He works mainly in philosophy of language and logic, and in the history of analytic philosophy (Frege) with forays into metaphysics and the philosophy of mathematics. Gary Kemp is a senior lecturer at the University of Glasgow. He’s written books and papers on the Philosophy of Language and Philosophical Logic (recently: Quine versus Davidson: Truth, Reference and Meaning, and What is this thing called Philosophy of Language?), and a few papers in Aesthetics. He earned his Ph.D. in 1993 from the University of California at Santa Barbara.

This podcast is a recording of the inaugural address to the Joint Session - "Reasons for Belief, Perception and Reflective Knowledge" - which was delivered by the President of the Mind Association, Alan Millar (Stirling). Alan Millar received his first degree from the University of Edinburgh and then a Ph.D from the University of Cambridge. He was appointed to the University of Stirling in 1971, becoming a Professor of Philosophy in 1994. He has been Professor Emeritus at Stirling since 2010. In 2005 he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He is a member of the Editorial Board of The Philosophical Quarterly and has served on the Executive Committee of the Aristotelian Society. He is currently a member of the Executive Committee of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. His main areas of interest are epistemology and the philosophy of mind and language, though he has made occasional contributions to the history of ethics that deal with ideas of Joseph Butler and John Stuart Mill. His publications include Reasons and Experience (Clarendon Press, 1991), Understanding People: Normativity and Rationalizing Explanation (Oxford University Press, 2004) and The Nature and Value of Knowledge: Three Investigations (Oxford University Press, 2010), co-written with Duncan Pritchard and Adrian Haddock.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Barnes' talk - 'Going Beyond the Fundamental: Feminism in Contemporary Metaphysics' - at the Aristotelian Society on 16 June 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr Cohen's talk - 'Kant on the Ethics of Belief' - at the Aristotelian Society on 2 June 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Prof. Heuer's talk - 'Intentions and the Reasons for Which We Act' - at the Aristotelian Society on 19 May 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Button's talk - 'The Weight of Truth' - at the Aristotelian Society on 12 May 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. John's talk - 'Literature and Disagreement' - at the Aristotelian Society on 28 April 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Moss' talk - 'Plato's Appearance/Assent Account of Belief' - at the Aristotelian Society on 10 March 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Faulkner's talk - 'A Virtue Theory of Testimony' - at the Aristotelian Society on 24 February 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. McHugh's talk - 'Fitting Belief' - at the Aristotelian Society on 10 February 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Pippin's talk - 'The Significance of Self-Consciousness in Idealist Theories of Logic' - at the Aristotelian Society on 27 January 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Shea's talk - 'Exploited Isomorphism and Structural Representation' - at the Aristotelian Society on 13 January 2014. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Dr. Berto's talk - 'On Conceiving the Inconsistent' - at the Aristotelian Society on 2 December 2013. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Lear's talk - 'Integrating the Non-Rational Soul' - at the Aristotelian Society on 18 November 2013. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Mulgan's talk - 'Ethics for Possible Futures' - at the Aristotelian Society on 4 November 2013. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Kane’s talk - 'Acting “of One’s Own Free Will”: New Perspectives on an Ancient Philosophical Problem' - at the Aristotelian Society on 21 October 2013. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This year's Presidential Address marks the inauguration of Professor David Papineau (KCL) as the 106th President of the Aristotelian Society.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Broadie's address - 'Sensory Experience and Representational Properties' - at the Aristotelian Society on 7 October 2013. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.

This year's Presidential Address marks the official inauguration of Professor Sarah Broadie (St. Andrews) as the 105th President of the Aristotelian Society.

This podcast is an audio recording of Professor Broadie's address - 'Actual Instead' - at the Aristotelian Society on 8 October 2012. The recording was produced by Backdoor Broadcasting Company in conjunction with the Institute of Philosophy, University of London.